(Created page with "{{Copied|original=WIkipedia + Our Wiki's neopronoun page}}{{OtherIdentity|also_called=Xenopronouns, neo pronouns, neo-pronoun}}'''Nounself pronouns''' are a subset of neoprono...") Tag: Visual edit |
Tag: Visual edit |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| + | {{OtherIdentity|also_called=Xenopronoun, neopronoun, noun pronoun|exclusivity=None}}{{Quote|We must remember that the English pronoun system is not fixed. Several centuries ago the objective plural you drove the nominative and objective singulars thou and thee and the nominative plural ye out of general use. It appears to have happened for social reasons, not linguistic reasons. They, their, them have been used continuously for six centuries, and have been disparaged in such use for about two centuries.|—Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage, 1994}} |
||
| − | {{Copied|original=WIkipedia + Our Wiki's neopronoun page}}{{OtherIdentity|also_called=Xenopronouns, neo pronouns, neo-pronoun}}'''Nounself pronouns''' are a subset of neopronouns that are more directly based on words, often nouns, to create pronouns like budself or pupself. |
||
| + | '''Nounself pronouns''' are a subset of neopronouns that are more directly based on words, often nouns, to create pronouns like budself or pupself. |
||
| − | ===Historical, regional, and proposed gender-neutral singular pronouns[edit]=== |
||
| + | ==History== |
||
| − | Historically, there were two gender-neutral pronouns native to English dialects, ''ou''<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> and ''(h)a''. According to Dennis Baron's ''Grammar and Gender'': |
||
| + | === Thonself === |
||
| − | Baron goes on to describe how relics of these gender-neutral terms survive in some British dialects of Modern English (for example ''hoo'' for "she", in Yorkshire), and sometimes a pronoun of one gender might be applied to a human or non-human animal of the opposite gender. This aforementioned ''hoo'' is also sometimes used in the West Midlands and south-west England as a common gender pronoun. |
||
| + | The earliest example of what could be called a nounself pronoun was proposed by by American lawyer Charles Crozat Converse in 1884. Converse took the words "this one" and "that one" and proposed thon as a gender-neutral pronoun set. |
||
| + | {{Quote|thon. Pronoun of the 3rd person, common gender, meaning “that one, he she, or it”: a neoterism proposed by Charles Crozat Converse, and apparently complying with the neoteristic canons, since it supplies an antecedent blank, obeys a simple and obvious analogy, and is euphonious.|—Funk and Wagnalls, Supplement to A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, 1903|https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/third-person-gender-neutral-pronoun-thon}} |
||
| + | For most of the 20th century, thon has appeared in various publications of Funk and Wagnalls, and also spread to another dictionary, Merriam-Webster’s Second New International Dictionary (1934 edition). Thon was removed from abridged dictionary in the third edition. |
||
| + | === Faeself And Others === |
||
| − | In some West Country dialects, the pronoun ''er'' can be used in place of either ''he'' or ''she'', although only in weak (unstressed) positions such as in tag questions. |
||
| + | ''<nowiki/>'' |
||
| + | It is unclear where the word "nounself" was first coined, although it may be on Tumblr because of the amount of popularity that nounself sets gained, starting in 2015. |
||
| + | == Gallery == |
||
| − | Additionally, in Essex, in the south-east of England, in the Middle English period, the spelling "hye"<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> could refer to either he or she. |
||
| + | ==== Flags ==== |
||
| − | More recently, in the city of Baltimore, and possibly other cities in the United States, ''yo'' has come to be used as a gender-neutral pronoun. |
||
| + | <gallery> |
||
| + | File:Nounself Pronouns (2).png|A nounself pronouns pride flag. |
||
| + | File:Nounself Pronouns (1).png|A nounself pronouns pride flag. |
||
| + | </gallery> |
||
| + | ==== Combinations ==== |
||
| − | Various proposals for the use of other non-standard pronouns have been introduced since at least the 19th century. |
||
| + | ==List Of Nounself Pronouns== |
||
| − | According to Dennis Baron, the neologism that received the greatest partial mainstream acceptance was Charles Crozat Converse's 1884 proposal of ''thon'',<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> a contraction of "that one" (other sources date its coinage to 1858): |
||
| + | ''See main article: [[Pronoun/List]]'' |
||
| + | == Sources == |
||
| − | "Co"<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> was coined by feminist writer Mary Orovan in 1970. "Co" is in common usage in intentional communities of the Federation of Egalitarian Communities, and "co" appears in the bylaws of several of these communities. In addition to use when the gender of the antecedent is unknown or indeterminate, some use it as gender-blind language and always replace gender-specific pronouns. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Several variants of ''ze''<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> have been proposed, with different object forms, to meet the need of unspecified gender situations and transgender persons. Kate Bornstein, an American transgender author, used the pronoun forms ''ze'' and ''hir''<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> in the book "Nearly Roadkill: an Infobahn erotic adventure" in 1996. Jeffrey A. Carver, an American science fiction writer, used the pronoun ''hir'' in the novel "From a Changeling Star" for a different-gendered nonhuman, in 1989. |
||
| − | ===List of standard and non-standard third-person singular pronouns[edit]=== |
||
| − | {| class="article-table" |
||
| − | ! |
||
| − | !Nominative (subject) |
||
| − | !Oblique (object) |
||
| − | !Independent genitive |
||
| − | (Possessive ) |
||
| − | !Dependent genitive |
||
| − | (Possessive) |
||
| − | !Reflexive |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | ! colspan="6" |Natural pronouns |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !he |
||
| − | |''he'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''him'' |
||
| − | |''his'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''his'' |
||
| − | |he likes ''himself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !she |
||
| − | |''she'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''her'' |
||
| − | |''her'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''hers'' |
||
| − | |she likes ''herself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !it |
||
| − | |''it'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''it'' |
||
| − | |''its'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''its'' |
||
| − | |it likes ''itself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !one |
||
| − | |''one'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''one'' |
||
| − | |''one's'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''one's'' |
||
| − | |one likes ''oneself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !they |
||
| − | |''they'' are laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''them'' |
||
| − | |''their'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''theirs'' |
||
| − | |they like ''themselves'' |
||
| − | they like ''themself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !'em |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |I called ''<nowiki/>'em'' |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !yo |
||
| − | (regional, c. 2004) |
||
| − | |''Yo'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''yo'' |
||
| − | |''yos'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''yos'' |
||
| − | |yo likes ''yoself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | ! colspan="6" |Written conventions based on traditional pronouns |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !she/he |
||
| − | |''he/she'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''him/her'' |
||
| − | |''his/her'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''his/hers'' |
||
| − | |he/she likes ''him/herself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !s/he |
||
| − | |''s/he'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''him/r'' |
||
| − | |''his/r'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''his/rs'' |
||
| − | |s/he likes ''him/herself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !hhe |
||
| − | (French, 1986) |
||
| − | |''hhe'' is laughing |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |– |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | ! colspan="6" |Artificial and proposed epicene pronouns |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !thon |
||
| − | (Converse, 1884) |
||
| − | |''thon'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''thon'' |
||
| − | |''thons'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''thons'' |
||
| − | |thon likes ''thonself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !e |
||
| − | (Rogers, 1890) |
||
| − | |''e'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''em'' |
||
| − | |''es'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''es'' |
||
| − | |e likes ''emself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !tey<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Miller&Swift, 1971) |
||
| − | |''tey'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''tem'' |
||
| − | |''ter'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''ters'' |
||
| − | | |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !xe<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Rickter, c. 1973) |
||
| − | |''xe'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''xem'' |
||
| − | |''xyr'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''xyrs'' |
||
| − | |xe likes ''xemself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !te<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Farrel, 1974) |
||
| − | |''te'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''tir'' |
||
| − | |''tes'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | | |
||
| − | | |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !ey<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Elverson, 1975) |
||
| − | |''ey'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''em'' |
||
| − | |''eir'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''eirs'' |
||
| − | |ey likes ''eirself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !per |
||
| − | (Piercy, 1979) |
||
| − | |''per'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''per'' |
||
| − | |''per'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''pers'' |
||
| − | |per likes ''perself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !ve |
||
| − | (Hulme, c. 1980) |
||
| − | |''ve'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''ver'' |
||
| − | |''vis'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''vis'' |
||
| − | |ve likes ''verself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !hu<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Humanist, 1982) |
||
| − | |''hu'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''hum'' |
||
| − | |''hus'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''hus'' |
||
| − | |hu likes ''humself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !E |
||
| − | (Spivak, 1983) |
||
| − | |''E'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''Em'' |
||
| − | |''Eir'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''Eirs'' |
||
| − | |E likes ''Emself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !ze<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>, mer |
||
| − | (Creel, 1997) |
||
| − | |''ze'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''mer'' |
||
| − | |''zer'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''zers'' |
||
| − | |ze likes ''zemself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !ze, hir |
||
| − | (Bornstein, 1998) |
||
| − | |''ze (zie, sie)'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''hir'' |
||
| − | |''hir'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''hirs'' |
||
| − | |ze (zie, sie) likes ''hirself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !zhe<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Foldvary, 2000) |
||
| − | |''zhe'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''zhim'' |
||
| − | |''zher'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''zhers'' |
||
| − | |zhe likes ''zhimself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !sie, hir |
||
| − | (Hyde, 2001) |
||
| − | |''sie'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''hir'' |
||
| − | |''hir'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''hirs'' |
||
| − | |sie likes ''hirself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !peh<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup>(Dicebox, 2012?) |
||
| − | |''peh'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''pehm'' |
||
| − | |''peh's'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''peh's'' |
||
| − | |peh likes ''pehself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !ze, zir |
||
| − | (anon., c. 2013) |
||
| − | |''ze (zie, sie)'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''zir/zem'' |
||
| − | |''zir/zes'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''zirs/zes'' |
||
| − | |ze (zie, sie) likes ''zirself/zemself'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !fae<sup>[''pronunciation?'']</sup> |
||
| − | |''fae'' is laughing |
||
| − | |I called ''faer'' |
||
| − | |''faer'' eyes gleam |
||
| − | |that is ''faers'' |
||
| − | |fae likes ''faerself'' |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | ==Other Germanic languages[edit]== |
||
| − | ===Swedish[edit]=== |
||
| − | Main article: hen (pronoun) |
||
| − | |||
| − | The Swedish language has 4 grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, ''reale'' and neutral , which correspond to the 3rd person forms ''han, hon, den, det'' ("he, she, it, it"). The other forms are gender neutral: singular 1st ''jag'', 2nd ''du'', 3rd indefinite/impersonal ''man'', plural 1st ''vi'', 2nd ''ni'', 3rd ''de''. Neutral is characterised by the definite singular article '-t' whereas the rest end with '-n'. The same distinction applies to the indefinite adjectival singular forms. For people and animals with specified gender the masculine or feminine are used. There is no grammatical way to make gender distinction in plural. |
||
| − | |||
| − | In Swedish, the word ''hen'' was introduced generally in the 2000s as a complement to the gender-specific ''hon'' ("she") and ''han'' ("he"). It can be used when the gender of a person is not known or when it is not desirable to specify them as either a "she" or "he". The word was proposed by Rolf Dunås in 1966, and could be used occasionally, like in a guideline from the Swedish building council from 1980, authored by Rolf Reimers. Its origin may have been a combination of ''han'' and ''hon''. |
||
| − | |||
| − | It was proposed again in 1994, with reference to the Finnish ''hän'', similarly pronounced, a personal pronoun that is gender-neutral, since Finnish completely lacks grammatical gender. In 2009 it was included in Nationalencyklopedin. However, it did not receive widespread recognition until around 2010, when it began to be used in some texts, and provoked some media debates and controversy, but is included since 2015 in ''Svenska Akademiens ordlista'', the most authoritative glossary of the Swedish language, by the Swedish Academy. |
||
| − | |||
| − | As of 2016, Swedish manuals of style treat "hen" as a neologism. Major newspapers like ''Dagens Nyheter'' have recommended against its usage, though some journalists still use it. The Swedish Language Council has not issued any general recommendations against the use of ''hen'', but advises against the use of the object form ''henom'' ("her/him"); it instead recommends using ''hen'' as both the subject and object form. ''Hen'' has two basic usages: as a way to avoid a stated preference to either gender; or as a way of referring to individuals who are transgender, who prefer to identify themselves as belonging to a third gender or who reject the division of male/female gender roles on ideological grounds. Its entry will cover two definitions: as a reference to individual's belonging to an unspecified sex or third gender, or where the sex is not known. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Traditionally, Swedish offers other ways of avoiding using gender-specific pronouns; e.g., "vederbörande" ("the referred person") and "man" ("one", as in "Man borde..."/"One should...") with its objective form "en" or alternatively "en" as both subjective and objective since "man"/"one" sounds the same as "man"/"male adult" although they are discernible through syntax. "Denna/Denne" ("this one or she/he") may refer to a non-gender-specific referent already or soon-to-be mentioned ("Vederbörande kan, om denne så vill,..."/"The referent may, if he wishes,..."). Because "denne" is objectively masculine, the use of the word to refer to anyone irrespective of gender is not recommended. One method is rewriting into the plural, as Swedish – like English – has only gender-neutral pronouns in the plural. Another method is writing the pronoun in the referent's grammatical gender ("Barnet får om ''det'' vill."/"The child is allowed to, if ''it'' wants to." The word "barn"/child is grammatically neuter, thus the use of the third-person neuter pronoun "det"); some nouns retain their traditional pronouns, e.g., "man"/"man" uses "han"/"he", "kvinna"/"woman" uses "hon"/"she", and "människa"/"human being" uses "hon"/"she". While grammatically correct, using "den/det" to refer to human beings may sound as if the speaker regards the referenced human beings as objects, so "han"/"hon" is preferred, for example about children or work titles such as "föraren"(driver) or "rörmokaren"(plumber). |
||
| − | ===Norwegian[edit]=== |
||
| − | In Norwegian, a new word was proposed<sup>[''weasel words'']</sup>, ''hin'' to fill the gap between the third person pronouns ''hun'' ('she') and ''han'' ('he').<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> ''Hin'' is very rarely used, and in limited special interest groups; it is not embraced by society as a whole.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> A reason for the marginal interest in a neuter gender word is the constructed nature of the word, and that the word is homonymous with several older words both in official language and dialectal speech, such as ''hin'' ('the other') and ''hinsides'' ('beyond').<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> One can also use ''man'' or ''en'' or ''den'' (''en'' means 'one'). These three are considered impersonal.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> Amongst LGBT interest groups the word 'hen' is now in use after the Swedish implementation in 2010.<sup>[''failed verification'']</sup> |
||
| − | ==List Of Nounself Pronouns== |
||
| − | ''See main article: [[Nounself/List]]'' |
||
[[Category:Pronoun]] |
[[Category:Pronoun]] |
||
| + | [[Category:Presentation]] |
||
| + | [[Category:Terminology]] |
||
Revision as of 12:46, 4 June 2021
| “ | We must remember that the English pronoun system is not fixed. Several centuries ago the objective plural you drove the nominative and objective singulars thou and thee and the nominative plural ye out of general use. It appears to have happened for social reasons, not linguistic reasons. They, their, them have been used continuously for six centuries, and have been disparaged in such use for about two centuries. |
| — —Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage, 1994 |
Nounself pronouns are a subset of neopronouns that are more directly based on words, often nouns, to create pronouns like budself or pupself.
Contents
History
Thonself
The earliest example of what could be called a nounself pronoun was proposed by by American lawyer Charles Crozat Converse in 1884. Converse took the words "this one" and "that one" and proposed thon as a gender-neutral pronoun set.
| “ | thon. Pronoun of the 3rd person, common gender, meaning “that one, he she, or it”: a neoterism proposed by Charles Crozat Converse, and apparently complying with the neoteristic canons, since it supplies an antecedent blank, obeys a simple and obvious analogy, and is euphonious. |
| — —Funk and Wagnalls, Supplement to A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, 1903, https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/third-person-gender-neutral-pronoun-thon |
For most of the 20th century, thon has appeared in various publications of Funk and Wagnalls, and also spread to another dictionary, Merriam-Webster’s Second New International Dictionary (1934 edition). Thon was removed from abridged dictionary in the third edition.
Faeself And Others
It is unclear where the word "nounself" was first coined, although it may be on Tumblr because of the amount of popularity that nounself sets gained, starting in 2015.
Gallery
Flags
Combinations
List Of Nounself Pronouns
See main article: Pronoun/List